United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island, also known simply as Alcatraz (English: /ˈælkəˌtræz/, Spanish: [alkaˈtɾaθ] "the gannet") or The Rock, was a maximum security federal prison on Alcatraz Island, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) off the coast of San Francisco, California, United States. The site of a fort since the 1850s, the main prison building was built in 1910–12 as a U.S. Army military prison.
The United States Department of Justice acquired the United
States Disciplinary Barracks, Pacific Branch, on Alcatraz on October 12, 1933.
The island became adapted and used as a prison of the Federal Bureau of Prisons
in August 1934 after the buildings were modernized and security increased.
Given this high security and the island's location in the cold waters and
strong currents of San Francisco Bay, prison operators believed Alcatraz to be
escape-proof and America's most secure prison.
The three-story cellhouse included the four main cell blocks
– A-block through D-block – the warden's office, visitation room, the library,
and the barber shop. The prison cells typically measured 9 feet (2.7 m) by 5 ft
(1.5 m) and 7 ft (2.1 m) high. The cells were primitive and lacked privacy.
They were furnished with a bed, desk, washbasin, a toilet on the back wall, and
few items other than a blanket. African Americans were segregated from other
inmates. D-Block housed the worst inmates, and six cells at its end were designated
"The Hole". Prisoners with
behavioral problems were sent to these for periods of often brutal punishment.
The dining hall and kitchen extended from the main building. Prisoners and
staff ate three meals a day together. The Alcatraz Hospital was located above
the dining hall.
Prison corridors were named after major U.S. streets, such
as Broadway and Michigan Avenue, of New York and Chicago, respectively. Working
at the prison was considered a privilege for inmates. Those who earned
privileges were employed in the Model Industries Building and New Industries
Building during the day, actively involved in providing for the military in
jobs such as sewing and woodwork, and performing various maintenance and
laundry chores.
The prison closed in 1963, but Alcatraz was reopened as a
public museum. The island and prison were occupied by Native Americans from
1969 to 1971. It is one of San Francisco's major tourist attractions,
attracting some 1.5 million visitors annually. Now operated by the National
Park Service's Golden Gate National Recreation Area, the former prison is being
restored and maintained.
History
Construction
Alcatraz Main Cellhouse
The main cellhouse was built incorporating some parts of
Fort Alcatraz's citadel, a partially fortified barracks from 1859 that had come
to be used as a jail during the Civil War for alleged Confederate sympathizers.
C. L. Weller, the Chairman of the State Democratic Committee and brother of
California Governor John B. Weller, was one of the first prisoners housed
there. A new cellhouse was built from 1910 to 1912 on a budget of $250,000
(approximately $7,810,000 in 2023). Upon completion, the 500-foot (150 m) long
concrete building was reputedly the longest concrete building in the world at
the time. This building was modernized in 1933 and 1934 and became the main
cellhouse of the federal penitentiary. The building closed in 1963.
When the new concrete prison was built, many materials were
reused in its construction. Iron staircases in the interior and the cellhouse
door near the barber's shop at the end of A-block were retained from the old
citadel and massive granite blocks originally used as gun mounts were reused as
the wharf's bulkheads and retaining walls. Many of the old cell bars were used to
reinforce the walls, causing structural problems later due to the fact that
many placed near the edge were subject to erosion from the salt air and wind
over the years.
Entrance
After the United States Army's use of the island for over 80
years, it was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, which hoped an
escape-proof jail would help break the crime wave of the 1920s and 1930s. The
Department of Justice acquired the Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz on October
12, 1933, and it became a Federal Bureau of Prisons facility in August 1934.
$260,000 was spent to modernize and improve it from January 1934. George Hess
of the United States Public Health Service was appointed chief medical officer
and Edward W. Twitchell became a consultant in psychiatry for Alcatraz in
January 1934.
The hospital was checked by three officials from the Marine
Hospital of San Francisco. The Bureau of Prisons personnel arrived on Alcatraz
in early February; among them was acting chief clerk Loring O. Mills. In April
1934, the old material was removed from the prison; holes were cut in the
concrete and 269 cell fronts were installed, built using four carloads of steel
ordered from the Stewart Iron Works.
Two of four new stairways were built, as were 12 doors to
the utility corridors and gratings at the top of the cells. On 26 April, a
small accidental fire broke out on the roof and an electrician injured his foot
by dropping a manhole cover on it. The Anchor Post Fence Company added fencing
around Alcatraz and the Enterprise Electric Works added emergency lighting in
the morgue and switchboard operations.
In June 1934, the Teletouch Corporation of New York began
the installation of an "electro-magnetic
gun or metal detecting system" at Alcatraz; detectors were added on
the wharf, at the front entrance into the cellblock, and at the rear entrance
gate. The correctional officers were instructed on how to operate the new
locking devices in July 1934, and both the United States Coast Guard and the
San Francisco Police Department tested the new radio equipment. Final checks
and assessments were made on the first two days of August.
Early history
Alcatraz laundry
service
Alcatraz was intended for prisoners who continuously caused
trouble at other federal prisons. It would be a "last resort prison", to hold the worst of the worst who
had no hope of rehabilitation. On August 11, 1934, the first batch of 137
prisoners arrived at Alcatraz from the United States Penitentiary in
Leavenworth, Kansas, having traveled by rail to Santa Venetia, California.
Before being escorted to Alcatraz, they were handcuffed in high-security
coaches and guarded by some 60 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special
agents, U.S. Marshals, and railway security officials. Most of the prisoners
were notorious bank robbers, counterfeiters, or murderers.
Among the first inmates were also 14 men from McNeil Island,
Washington. On August 22, 1934, 43 prisoners arrived from Atlanta Penitentiary
and 10 from North Eastern Penitentiary, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. On 1
September, one prisoner arrived from Washington Asylum and Jail and seven from
the District of Columbia Reformatory in Virginia, and on 4 September, another
batch of 103 prisoners arrived by train from Leavenworth. Prisoners continued
to arrive, mainly from Leavenworth and Atlanta, into 1935 and by June 30, 1935,
the penitentiary's first anniversary, it had a population of 242 prisoners,
although some inmates such as Verrill Rapp had already been transferred from Alcatraz
some months earlier.
On Alcatraz's first anniversary, the Bureau of Prisons
wrote, "The establishment of this
institution not only provided a secure place for the detention of the more
difficult type of criminal but has had a good effect upon discipline in our
other penitentiaries also. No serious disturbance of any kind has been reported
during the year." The metal detectors often overheated and had to be
turned off. After the Teletouch Corporation failed to address the problem,
their contract was terminated in 1937 and they were charged over $200 for three
new detectors supplied by Federal Laboratories.
On January 10, 1935, a severe storm caused a landslide on
Alcatraz, causing the Model Industries Building to slide. This prompted a
series of changes to the structures on the island. A riprap was built around
the Model Industries Building, it was strengthened, and a guard tower added to
the roof in June 1936. That same month, the barracks building was remodeled
into 11 new apartments and nine single rooms for bachelors; by this time there
were 52 families living on Alcatraz, including 126 women and children. The
problems with the Model Industries Building and continuing utility problems
with some of the old buildings and systems led to extensive updates in 1937,
including new tool-proof grilles on the ventilators of the cell house roof, two
new boilers installed in the power house, and a new pump for salt water
sanitation and guardrails added to stairways.
In 1939–40, a $1.1 million redevelopment was begun,
including construction of the New Industries Building, a complete overhaul of
the power house with a new diesel engine, the building of a new water tower to
solve the water storage problem, new apartment blocks for officers,
improvements to the dock, and the conversion of D-block into isolation cells.
The changes were completed in July 1941. The workshops of the New Industries
Building became highly productive, making Army uniforms, cargo nets, and other
items in high demand during World War II. In June 1945, it was reported that
the federal penitentiaries had made 60,000 nets.
Reputation
Alcatraz gained notoriety from its inception as the toughest
prison in the U.S., considered by many the worlds’ most fearsome prison of the
day. Former prisoners reported brutality and inhumane conditions which severely
tested their sanity. Ed Wutke was the first prisoner to commit suicide in
Alcatraz. Rufe Persful chopped off his fingers after grabbing an axe from the
firetruck, begging another inmate to do the same to his other hand.
One writer described Alcatraz as "the great garbage can of San Francisco Bay, into which every
federal prison dumped its most rotten apples". In 1939, the new U.S.
Attorney General, Frank Murphy, attacked the penitentiary, saying, "The whole institution is conductive to
psychology that builds up a sinister ambitious attitude among prisoners."
The prison's reputation was not helped by the arrival of
more of America's most dangerous felons, including Robert Stroud, the
"Birdman of Alcatraz", in 1942. He entered the prison system at age
19, and never left, spending 17 years at Alcatraz. Stroud killed a guard,
tangled with other inmates and spent 42 of his 54 years in prison in solitary
confinement. Despite its reputation, with many former inmates calling it "Hellcatraz", some prisoners
reported that the living conditions there were much better than most other
prisons in the country, especially the food, and many volunteered to come to
Alcatraz.
On December 3, 1940, Henri Young murdered fellow inmate
Rufus McCain. Running downstairs from the furniture shop to the tailor's shop
where McCain worked, Young violently stabbed McCain in the neck; McCain died
five hours later. Young had been sent to Alcatraz for murder in 1933, and was
later involved in an escape attempt during which gangster Doc Barker was shot
to death. He spent nearly 22 months in solitary confinement as a result, but
was eventually permitted to work in the furniture shop. Young went to trial in
1941, with his attorneys claiming that their client could not be held responsible
for the murder, since he had allegedly been subjected to "cruel and unusual punishment" by prison guards prior to
the act. The trial brought Alcatraz into further disrepute. Ultimately, Young
was convicted of manslaughter and his prison sentence was only extended by a
few years.
Final years
By the 1950s, conditions at Alcatraz had improved, and
inmates were gradually permitted more privileges, such as playing musical
instruments, watching movies on weekends, painting, and radio use; the strict
code of silence became more relaxed, and prisoners were permitted to talk
quietly. However, it was by far the most expensive prison in the United States,
and many still perceived it as America's most extreme jail. In his annual
report for 1952, Bureau of Prisons Director James V. Bennett called for a more
centralized institution to replace Alcatraz.
A 1959 report indicated that the facility was over three
times more expensive to run than the average American prison; $10 per prisoner
per day compared to $3 in most other prisons. The problem was made worse by the
buildings' structural deterioration from exposure to salt spray, which would
require $5 million to fix. Major repairs began in 1958, but by 1961 engineers
considered the prison a lost cause. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy
submitted plans for a new maximum-security institution at Marion, Illinois.
The June 1962 escape from Alcatraz led to acrimonious
investigations. Combined with the major structural problems and expensive
operation, this led to its closure on March 21, 1963. The final Bureau of
Prisons report said of Alcatraz: "The
institution served an important purpose in taking the strain off the older and
greatly overcrowded institutions in Atlanta, Leavenworth and McNeil Island
since it enabled us to move to the smaller, closely guarded institution for the
escape artists, the big-time racketeers, the inveterate connivers and those who
needed protection from other groups."
The former prison and island are now a museum. It is one of
San Francisco's major tourist attractions drawing in some 1.5 million visitors
annually (2010). Visitors arrive by boat and are given a tour of the cellhouse
and island, and a slide show and audio narration with anecdotes from former
inmates, guards and rangers on Alcatraz. The atmosphere of the former
penitentiary is still considered to be "eerie",
"ghostly" and "chilling".
Protected by the National Park Service and the National Register of
Historic Places, the salt-damaged buildings of the former prison are now being
restored and maintained.
Escape attempts
Alcatraz Island from
San Francisco, March 1962
According to the prison's correctional officers, once a
convict arrived on the Alcatraz wharf, his first thoughts were on how to leave.
During its 29 years of operation, the penitentiary claimed that no prisoner
successfully escaped. A total of 36 prisoners made 14 escape attempts, two men
trying twice; 23 were caught, six were shot and killed during their escape, two
drowned, and five are listed as "missing
and presumed drowned".
The first escape attempt was made on April 27, 1936, by
Joseph Bowers, who was assigned to burn trash at the incinerator. He was
scaling a chain link fence at the edge of the island when noticed. When he
refused orders of the correctional officer located at the West Road guard tower
to come down he was shot. He was seriously injured in the fall from over 15 m (50
ft) and consequently died.
The second escape attempt was on December 16, 1937, by
Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe. During their work assignment in one of the
workshops, they cut the flat iron bars of the window and climbed into the bay.
It was a stormy day and the sea was rough. Though never found, prison
authorities presumed them to have died, assuming they drowned in the bay and
their bodies were swept out to sea.
Battle of Alcatraz
The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2–4, 1946,
when a failed attempt by six prisoners led to the Battle of Alcatraz, also
known as the "Alcatraz Blast
Out". Bernard Coy, Joseph Cretzer, Sam Shockley, Clarence Carnes,
Marvin Hubbard and Miran Thompson took control of the cell house by
overpowering correctional officers, and were able to enter the weapons room,
where they then demanded keys to the outside recreation door.
A quick-thinking guard, William Miller, turned over all but
the key to the outer door, which he pocketed. The prisoners' aim was to escape
by boat from the dock, but when they were unable to open the outside door, they
decided to battle it out. They held Miller and a second guard hostage. Prompted
by Shockley and Thompson, Cretzer shot the hostages at very close range. Miller
succumbed to his injuries while the second guard, Harold Stites, was also
killed at the cell house. Although Shockley, Thompson, and Carnes returned to
their cells, the other three, Coy, Cretzer and Hubbard, persisted with their
fight.
The U.S. Marines intervened and killed the three prisoners.
In this battle, apart from the guards and prisoners killed, 17 other guards and
one prisoner were also injured. Shockley, Thompson, and Carnes were tried for
the killing of the correctional officers. Shockley and Thompson were sentenced
to death in the gas chamber, which was carried out at San Quentin in December
1948. However, Carnes, who was only 19 years of age, was given a second life sentence.
"Escape from Alcatraz"
On June 11, 1962, Frank Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence
Anglin attempted to escape using careful planning. Behind their cells in Cell
Block B was a 3-foot (0.91 m) wide unguarded utility corridor. The prisoners
chiseled away the salt-damaged concrete from around an air vent leading to this
corridor, using tools such as a metal spoon soldered with silver from a dime
and an electric drill improvised from a stolen vacuum cleaner motor. The noise
was disguised by accordions played during music hour, and the progress was
concealed by false walls which, in the dark recesses of the cells, fooled the
guards.
Side view of model
head found in Frank Morris's cell
The escape route led up through a fan vent; the prisoners
removed the fan and motor, replacing them with a steel grille and leaving a
shaft large enough for a prisoner to enter. Stealing a carborundum abrasive
cord from the prison workshop, the prisoners then removed the rivets from the
grille. In their beds, they placed papier-mâché dummies made with human hair
stolen from the barbershop. Over many weeks, the escapees also made an
inflatable raft from over 50 stolen raincoats, which they prepared on the top
of the cell block, concealed from the guards by sheets which had been put up
over the sides. They escaped through a vent in the roof and departed Alcatraz.
The FBI investigation was aided by another prisoner, Allen
West, who was part of the escapees' group but was left behind. West's false
wall kept slipping so he held it in place with cement, which set. When Morris
and the Anglins accelerated the schedule, West desperately chipped away at the
wall, but by the time he got out, his companions were gone. Hundreds of leads
and theories have been pursued by the FBI and local law enforcement officials
in the ensuing years, but no conclusive evidence has ever surfaced favoring the
success or failure of the attempt. The FBI's investigation was eventually closed
in December 1979. The official report on the escape concludes that the
prisoners drowned in the cold waters of the bay while trying to reach the
mainland, it being unlikely that they made the 1.25 miles (2.01 km) to shore
due to the strong ocean currents and the cold sea water temperatures ranging
between 50 and 55 °F (10 and 13 °C).
The U.S. Marshals Service case file remains open and active.
Morris and the Anglin brothers remain on its wanted list. Circumstantial
evidence uncovered in the early-2010s seemed to suggest that the men had
survived, and that contrary to the official FBI report of the escapee's raft
never being recovered and no car thefts being reported, a raft was discovered
on nearby Angel Island with footprints leading away, and a 1955 blue Chevrolet
had been stolen on the night of the escape by three men, who could have been
Morris and the Anglins, and that officials then engaged in a cover-up.
Relatives of the Anglin brothers presented further circumstantial evidence in
the mid-2010s in support of a longstanding rumor that the Anglin brothers had
fled to Brazil following the escape; a facial recognition analyst concluded
that the one piece of physical evidence, a 1975 photograph of two men
resembling John and Clarence Anglin, did support that conclusion.
Administration
The admin offices of
Alcatraz
The prison initially had a staff of 155, including the first
warden James A. Johnston and associate warden Cecil J. Shuttleworth; both
considered to be "iron men." None
of the staff were trained in rehabilitation but were highly trained in
security. The guards' and staff's salaries varied. A new guard arriving in
December 1948 was offered $3,024.96 per year, but there was a 6% deduction for
retirement taxes a year (amounting to $181.50). The guards typically worked
40-hour weeks with five 8-hour shifts.
Guards who worked between 6 pm and 6 am were given a 10%
increase and guards doing overtime had to be reported and authorized by the
warden. Officers generally had to pay 25 cents for meals and were charged $10
to rent an apartment on the island, to include laundry service, although larger
families were charged anything from $20–43 a month for larger quarters and charged
additional for laundry. In 1960, a Bureau of Prisons booklet revealed that the
average prison population between 1935 and 1960 was 263; the highest recorded
was 302 in 1937 and the lowest recorded was 222 in 1947.
A casefile of a
prisoner from the Warden's notebook
The main administration center was at the entrance to the
prison, which included the warden's office. The office contained a desk with
radio and telegraph equipment, typewriter, and a telephone. The administrative
office section also had the offices of the associate warden and secretary, mail
desk, captain's desk, a business office, a clerk's office, an accounting
office, a control room which was added with modern technology in 1961, the
officer's lounge, armory and vault, and a visiting area and restrooms. The
basement of Alcatraz prison contained dungeons and the showers. The main
stairway to the dungeon lay along Sunrise Alley at the side of A-Block, but the
dungeons were also accessible by a staircase in a trapdoor along the corridor
of D-Block. All visits to Alcatraz required prior written approval from the
warden.
A hospital had originally been installed at Alcatraz during
its time as a military prison in the late 19th century. During its time as a
federal penitentiary, it was located above the dining hall on the second floor.
Hospital staff was U.S. Public Health Service employees assigned to the Federal
Prison Service at Alcatraz. Doctors often lasted fewer than several days or
months at Alcatraz, because few of them could tolerate the violent inmates who
would often terrify them if they failed to be given certain drugs. Prisoners in
ill health were often kept in the hospital, most famously Stroud and Al Capone,
who spent years in it.
Security
Gun Gallery
When the Bureau of Prisons established the Federal
Penitentiary on January 1, 1934, they took measures to strengthen the security
of the prison cells to make Alcatraz "escape-proof"
and improve living conditions for their own staff. Up-to-date technologies for
enhancing security and comfort were added to the buildings. Guard towers were
built outside at four strategic locations, cells were rebuilt and fitted with "tool-proof steel cell fronts and
locking devices operated from control boxes," and windows were made
covered with iron grilles. Electromagnetic metal detectors were placed at the
entrances of the dining hall and workshops, with remote controlled tear gas
canisters at appropriate locations and gun galleries with machine gun armed
guards were installed to patrol along the corridors.
Improvements were made to the toilet and electricity
facilities, old tunnels were sealed up with concrete to avoid hiding and escape
by prisoners, and substantial changes and improvements were made to the housing
facilities for guards, wardens, and captains to live with their families, with
quality relative to rank. Warden Johnston, U.S. Attorney General Homer
Cummings, and Sanford Bates, first director of the Bureau of Prisons,
collaborated very closely to create "a
legendary prison" suited to the times, which resulted in the Alcatraz
Island Federal Penitentiary being nicknamed "Uncle
Sam's Devil's Island."
Guards of Alcatraz
Despite Alcatraz being designed to house the "worst of the worst" of
criminals who caused problems at other prisons, under the guidelines and
regulations set by the strict prison administrators, courts could not direct a
prisoner to be directly sent to Alcatraz, however notorious they were for
misbehavior and attempted escape from other prisons. Prisoners entering
Alcatraz would undergo vigorous research and assessments prior to their
arrival. Security in the prison was very tight, with constant checking of bars,
doors, locks, electrical fixtures, and other physical security.
Prisoners were normally counted 13 times daily, and the
ratio of prisoners to guards was the lowest of any American prison of the time.
The front door was made of solid steel, virtually impossible for any prisoners
to escape through. The island had many guard towers, most of which have since
been demolished, which were heavily guarded at various points in the day at
times when security may have been breached. For instance, there were guard
towers on each of the industry buildings to ensure that inmates didn't attempt
to escape during the work day shifts.
The recreation yard and other parts of the prison had a
25-foot fence around it topped with barbed wire, should any inmates attempt to
escape during exercise. One former employee of the jail likened his prison job
to being a zoo keeper or his old farm job, due to the fact that prisoners were
treated like animals, sending them out to "plow
the fields" when some of them worked during the day, and then counting
them up and feeding them and so on. He referred to those four years of his life
working in the prison as a "total waste
of his life." The corridors were regularly patrolled by the guards,
with passing gates along them. The most heavily trafficked corridor was "Broadway" between B and C
Block, due to its being the central corridor of the prison and passed not only
by guards but other prison workers.
At the end of each 20-minute meal in the dining hall, the
forks, spoons and knives were laid out on the table and carefully counted to
ensure that nothing had been taken as a potential weapon. In the earlier years
as a prison, prisoners were forbidden from talking while eating, but this was
later relaxed, provided that the prisoners communicated quietly.
The gun gallery was situated in the Recreation Yard and
mounted on one of the dining hall's exterior walls. There was a metal detector
outside of the dining hall for security purposes. The dining hall had tear-gas
canisters attached to the rafters of the ceiling which could be activated by
remote control, should prisoners riot or attempt to escape. The first warden,
James A. Johnston, always entered the dining hall alone and unarmed, due to
heavy guarding around him. Several riots did break out in the dining hall
during Alcatraz's history. Those prisoners who were not involved in the
fighting hid under the dining hall tables to escape possible gunfire.
Wardens
James A. Johnston 1934–48 James Aloysius Johnston
(1874–1954) (nickname "Old
Saltwater") was the first warden of Alcatraz. The former warden of
Folsom and San Quentin, Johnston was instrumental to the creation of Alcatraz
Federal Penitentiary from conception to design. He was considered to be a
highly strict disciplinarian and a devout reformist who imposed a number of
rules upon the prison including a strict code of silence, which led to him
being nicknamed the 'Golden Rule Warden' from his San Quentin days. He was
relatively popular among inmates and guards, and is credited with challenging
the barbaric tactics used in the prison when he was there, including strait
jackets and solitary confinement in darkness and working towards the general
improvement of the lives of prisoners. In 1937 he was attacked by Burton
Phillips from behind in the dining hall who beat him in anger at a worker's
strike, but he continued to attend meals unguarded.
Edwin B. Swope
1948–55 Edwin Burnham Swope (1888–1955) (nickname "Cowboy") was the second warden of Alcatraz. His earlier
posts as warden included New Mexico State Prison and Washington State's McNeil
Island Federal Penitentiary. He was described as being approximately 5 feet 9
inches (1.73 meters) tall, of slender build, and was a fan of horse racing who
dressed like a cowboy off-duty. He was a strict disciplinarian but unlike his
predecessor was considered the most unpopular warden of Alcatraz with his
officers and the inmates.
Paul Joseph Madigan (1897–1974) was the third warden of
Alcatraz. He had earlier served as the last Associate Warden during the term of
James A. Johnston. He was the only warden who had worked his way up from the
bottom of the ranks of the prison staff hierarchy, having worked originally as
a Correctional Officer on Alcatraz from the 1930s. On May 21, 1941, Madigan was
the key to quashing an escape attempt after being held hostage in the Model
Industries Building, which later led to his promotion as associate warden. He
was a stout, ruddy-faced, pipe-smoking, devout Irish Catholic. Unlike his
predecessors, Madigan was known for being more lenient and softer in his
approach to administering the prison and was better liked by the prison staff.
Olin Guy Blackwell (1915–1986) was the fourth and final
warden of Alcatraz. Associate Warden to Paul J. Madigan from April 1959, Blackwell
served as warden of Alcatraz at its most difficult time from 1961 to 1963, when
it was facing closure as a decaying prison with financing problems, coinciding
with the timing of the infamous June 1962 escape from Alcatraz. At the time of
the 1962 escape he was on vacation in Lake Berryessa in Napa County, and he did
not believe the men could have survived the waters and made it to shore.
Blackwell was considered to have been the least strict warden of Alcatraz,
perhaps in part due to him having been a heavy drinker and smoker, nicknamed "Gypsy" and known as "Blackie" to his friends. He
was said to have been an excellent marksman who had earlier served as Associate
Warden of Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary.
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