Prison life and the cells
An inmate register reveals that there were 1,576 prisoners
in total held at Alcatraz during its time as a Federal Penitentiary, although
figures reported have varied and some have stated 1,557. The prison cells,
purposefully designed so that none adjoined an outside wall, typically measured
9 feet (2.7 m) by 5 ft (1.5 m) and 7 ft (2.1 m) high. The cells were primitive
with a bed, a desk and a washbasin and toilet on the back wall and few furnishings
except a blanket. An air vent, measuring 6 inches (150 mm) by 9 in (230 mm),
covered by a metal grille, lay at the back of the cells which led into the
utility corridors. Prisoners had no
privacy in going to the toilet and the toilets would emit a strong stench
because they were flushed with salt water. Hot water taps were not installed
until the early 1960s, shortly before closure.
The penitentiary established a very strict regimen of rules
and regulations under the title "the
Rules and Regulations for the Government and Discipline of the United States
Penal and Correctional Institutions" and also a "Daily Routine of Work and Counts" to be followed by the
prisoners and also the guards. Copies of these were provided to the prisoners
to read and follow. Inmates were basically entitled to food, clothing, shelter,
and medical attention. Anything else was seen as a privilege. Inmates were
given a blue shirt, grey pants (blue and white in later years), webbed belt,
cotton long underwear, socks and a blue handkerchief; the wearing of caps was
forbidden in the cellhouse.
Cells were expected to be kept tidy and in good order. Any
dangerous article found in the cells or on inmates such as money, narcotics,
intoxicating substances or tools which had the potential to inflict injury or
assist in an escape attempt was considered contraband and made the prisoners
eligible for disciplinary action. It was compulsory for prisoners to shave in
their cells three times a week. Attempting to bribe, intimidate, or assault
prison officers was seen as a very serious offense. African-Americans were
segregated from the rest in cell designation due to racial abuse being
prevalent.
Toilet paper, matches, soap, and cleanser were issued to the
cells on Tuesdays and Saturdays, and inmates could request hot water and a mop
to clean their cells. The bars, windows and floors of the prison were cleaned
on a daily basis. In earlier years there was a strict code of silence but by
the 1950s this had relaxed and talking was permitted in the cellhouse and
dining hall provided conversations were quiet and there was no shouting, loud
talking, whistling or singing.
Plan of the main
cellhouse
Prisoners would be woken at 6:30 am, and sent to breakfast
at 6:55 am. After returning to the cell, inmates then had to tidy their cell
and place the waste basket outside. At 7:30 am, work started in the shifts for
those privileged enough to do so, punctuated by a whistle, and prisoners would
have to go through a metal detector during work shifts. If assigned a job,
prisoners had to accept that line of work; prisoners were not permitted to have
money in their possessions but earnings went into a prisoner's Trust Fund.
Some of the prisoners were assigned duties with the guards
and foremen in the Laundry, Tailor Shop, Cobblers Shop, Model Shop etc. and in
gardening and labor. Smoking, a privilege, was permitted in the workplace
providing that it would not be hazardous, but inmates were not permitted to
smoke between the recreation yard and work. Lunch was served at 11:20 am,
followed by a 30-minute rest in the cell, before returning to work until 16:15.
Dinner was served at 16:25 and the prisoners would then
retire to their cells to be locked in for the night at 16:50. Lights went off
at 21:30. After being locked in for the night, 6 guards usually patrolled the
four cell blocks. Many prisoners have compared their duration at Alcatraz to
hell and would have preferred death to continued incarceration.
Alcatraz Library was located at the end of D-Block. Upon
entering Alcatraz, every inmate was given a library card and a catalog of books
found in the library. Inmates could place orders by putting a slip with their
card in a box at the entrance to the dining hall before breakfast, and the
books would be delivered to and from their cell by a librarian. The library,
which utilized a closed-stack paging system, had a collection of 10,000 to
15,000 books, mainly left over from the army days.
Inmates were permitted a maximum of three books in addition
of up to twelve text books, a Bible, and a dictionary. They were permitted to
subscribe to magazines but crime-related pages were torn out and newspapers
were prohibited. Sex, crime and violence were censored from all books and
magazines, and the library was governed by a chaplain who regulated the
censorship and the nature of the reading material to ensure that the material
was wholesome. Failure to return books by the date given made the inmate liable
to removal of privileges.
The average prisoner read 75 to 100 books a year. Every
evening, inmates would generally read books loaned from the library and usually
an hour or 75 minutes was allocated to the practicing of musical instruments,
from the guitar to the accordion. A prison band often practiced in the dining
room or auditorium above it. Al Capone famously practiced the banjo in the
shower block, although most prisoners were limited to playing in their cells
alone.
Corridors
"Broadway"
Alcatraz cellhouse had a corridor naming system named after
major American streets and landmarks. Michigan Avenue was the corridor to the
side of A-Block. Broadway was the central corridor in which the inmates would
assemble as they massed through Times Square (an area with a clock on the
wall), before entering the dining hall for their meals. Broadway separated
Block-B and Block-C and prisoners kept along it had the least privacy in the
prison.
The corridor between Block-C and the library was called Park
Avenue. The corridor in D-Block was named Sunset Strip. Gun galleries lay at
the end of each block, including the West and East Gun Galleries.
A-Block
A-Block was never modernized, so retained its "flat strap-iron bars, key locks and
spiral staircases" from the original military prison.[69] No inmates
were permanently held there during the years Alcatraz was a federal
penitentiary. Several inmates, however, were held briefly in A-Block before a hearing
or transfer. In the later years, A-Block was mainly used for storage. A law
library was set up at some point, where inmates could type legal documents.
'A Block'
A small barber's shop was located at the end of A-block
where inmates would have a monthly haircut.
B-Block
Most new inmates at Alcatraz were assigned to the second
tier of B-Block. They had "quarantine
status" for their first three months in confinement in Alcatraz, and
were not permitted visitors for a minimum of 90 days. Inmates were permitted
one visitor a month, although anybody likely to cause trouble such as
registered criminals was barred from visiting. Letters received by inmates were
checked by prison staff first, to see if they could decipher any secret
messages. Frank Morris and his fellow escapees escaped Alcatraz during the June
1962 escape from Alcatraz by entering a utility corridor behind B-Block.
C-Block
D-Block
D-Block gained notoriety as a "Treatment block" for some of the worst inmates, with
varying degrees of punishment, including Isolation, Solitary and Strip.
Prisoners usually spent anywhere from 3 to 19 days in Solitary. Prisoners held
here would be given their meals in their cells, were not permitted to work and
could only shower twice a week. After a 1939 escape attempt in which Arthur "Doc" Barker was killed, the
Bureau of Prisons tightened security in the D-Block. The Birdman of Alcatraz
inhabited cell 42 in D-Block in solitary confinement for 6 years.
D-Block
The worst cells for confinement as a punishment for inmates
who stepped out of line were located at the end of D-Block in cells 9–14, known
as "The Hole". Inmates held
in the hole were limited to just one 10-minute shower and an hour of exercise
in the yard a week. The five cells of "The
Hole" had nothing but a sink and toilet; the very worst cell was the
final cell, nicknamed "The Oriental"
or "Strip Cell", which
contained nothing but a hole in the floor as a toilet, and in which prisoners
would often be confined naked with nothing else for two days. The guards
controlled the flushing of the toilet in the final cell.
After completing the punishment in the Hole, the prisoner
could then return to his cell but would be tagged. A red tag, third grade,
denoted a prisoner who was restricted from leaving his cell for perhaps 3
months. At second grade the prisoners could receive letters, and if after 30
days they remained well-behaved, they would then be restored full prison
privileges.
Its size was
approximately that of regular cell-9 feet by 5 feet by about 7 feet high. I
could just touch the ceiling by stretching out my arm [...] you are stripped
nude and pushed into the cell. Guards take your clothes and go over them
minutely for what few grains of tobacco may have fallen into the cuffs or
pockets. There is no soap. No tobacco. No toothbrush, the smell – well you can
describe it only by the word 'stink.' It is like stepping into a sewer. It is
nauseating. After they have searched your clothing, they throw it at you. For
bedding, you get two blankets, around 5 in the evening. You have no shoes, no
bed, no mattress-nothing but the four damp walls and two blankets. The walls
are painted black. Once a day I got three slices of bread—no—that is an error.
Some days I got four slices. I got one meal in five days, and nothing but bread
in between. In the entire thirteen days I was there, I got two meals [...] I
have seen but one man get a bath in solitary confinement, in all the time that
I have been there. That man had a bucket of cold water thrown over him.— Henri Young testifying his experiences in
"The Hole" at Alcatraz during his 1941 trial.
Dining
Alcatraz Dining Hall, often referred to as the Mess Hall, is
the dining hall where the prisoners and staff ate their meals. It is a long
wing on the west end of the Main Cellhouse of Alcatraz, situated in the center
of the island. It is connected to the block by a corridor known as "Times Square", as it passes
beneath a large clock approaching the entrance way to the dining hall. This
wing includes the dining hall and the kitchen beyond it. On the second floor were
the hospital and the auditorium, which was where movies were screened to the
inmates on weekends.
Dining hall protocol was a scripted process, including a
whistle system to indicate which block and tier of men would move into and out
of the hall at any given time, who sat where, where to place hands, and when to
start eating. Prisoners would be awakened at 6:30 am, and sent to breakfast at
6:55 am. A breakfast menu is still preserved on the hallway board, dated March
21, 1963. The breakfast menu included assorted dry cereals, steamed whole
wheat, a scrambled egg, milk, stewed fruit, toast, bread, and butter. Lunch was
served in the dining hall at 11:20 am, followed by a 30-minute rest in the
cell, before returning to work until 16:15.
Dinner was served at 16:25 and the prisoners would then go
to their cells at 16:50 to be locked in for the night. Inmates were permitted
to eat as much as they liked within 20 minutes, provided they left no waste.
Waste would be reported and may make the prisoner subject to removal of privileges
if they made a habit of it.
Each dining table had benches which held up to six men,
although smaller tables and chairs later replaced these which seated four. All
of the prison population, including the guards and officials would dine
together, thus seating over 250 people. The food served at Alcatraz was
reportedly the best in the United States prison system.
Recreation
Recreation Yard
The Recreation Yard was the yard used by inmates of the
prison between 1934 and 1963. It is located opposite the dining hall south of
the end of D-Block, facing the mainland on a raised level surrounded by a high
wall and fence above it. Guard Tower #3 lay just to the west of the yard. The
gun gallery was situated in the yard, mounted on one of the dining hall's
exterior walls.
In 1936, the previously dirt-covered yard was paved. The
yard was part of the most violent escape attempt from Alcatraz in May 1946 when
a group of inmates hatched a plot to obtain the key into the recreation yard,
kill the tower guards, take hostages, and use them as shields to reach the
dock.
Inmates were permitted out into the yard on Saturdays and
Sundays and on holidays for a maximum of 5 hours.[88][89] Inmates who worked
seven days a week in the kitchen were rewarded with short yard breaks during
the weekdays. Badly behaved prisoners were liable to having their yard access
rights taken away from them on weekends. The prisoners of Alcatraz were
permitted to play games such as baseball, softball and other sports at these
times and intellectual games such as chess.
Because of the small size of the yard and the diamond at the
end of it, a section of the wall behind the first base had to be padded to
cushion the impact of inmates overrunning it. Inmates were provided gloves,
bats, and balls, but no sport uniforms. In 1938, there were four amateur teams,
the Bees, Oaks, Oilers, and Seals, named after Minor League clubs, and four
league teams named after Major League clubs, the Cardinals, Cubs, Giants, and
Tigers. Many of the inmates used weekends in the yards to converse with each
other and discuss crime, the only real opportunities they had during the week
for a durable conversation.
Other buildings
Warden's House
The Warden's House and lighthouse
The Warden's House is located at the northeastern end of the
Main Cellblock, next to Alcatraz Lighthouse. The 3-floor 15-room mansion was
built in 1921 according to the Golden Gate National Recreational Area signpost,
although some sources say it was built in 1926 or 1929 and had 17 or 18 rooms.
Between 1934 and 1963, the four wardens of Alcatraz resided
here, including the first warden, James A. Johnston. A house of luxury, in
stark contrast to the jail next to it, the wardens often held lavish cocktail parties
here. The signpost at the spot shows a photograph of a trusted inmate doing
chores at the house for the warden and that the house had a terraced garden and
greenhouse. The mansion had tall windows, providing fine views of San Francisco
Bay. Today, the house is a ruin, burned down by Native Americans during the
Occupation of Alcatraz on June 1, 1970.
Building 64
Building 64 Residential Apartments was the first building
constructed on the island of Alcatraz, intended entirely for the purpose of
accommodating the military officers and their families living on the island.
Located next to the dock on the southeastern side of the island, below the
Warden's House, the three-story apartment block was built in 1905 on the site
of a U.S. Army barracks which had been there from the 1860s. It functioned as
the Military Guard Barracks from 1906 until 1933. One of its largest apartments
in the southwest corner was known as the "Cow
Palace" and a nearby alleyway was known as "Chinatown".
Social Hall
The ruined Social Hall
of Alcatraz
The Social Hall, also known as the Officers' Club, was a
social club located on the northwestern side of the island. Located in
proximity to the Power House, water tower and Former Military Chapel (Bachelor
Quarters), it formerly housed the Post Exchange. The club was a social venue
for the Federal Penitentiary workers and their families on the island to unwind
after locking up Alcatraz's criminals at 17:30. It was burned down by Native
Americans during the Occupation of Alcatraz in 1970, leaving a shell which
still remains.
The club had a small bar, library, large dining and dance
floor, billiards table, ping pong table and a two-lane bowling alley, and was
the centre of social life on the island for the employees of the penitentiary.
It regularly hosted dinners, bingo events, and from the 1940s onwards showed
movies every Sunday night after they had been shown to the inmates during the
day on Saturday and Sunday. The club was responsible for organizing numerous
special events on the island (held either in the hall or the Parade Grounds)
and the fundraising associated with it, anything from ice cream and watermelon
feasts to Halloween fancy dress and Christmas parties.
Power House
The Power House is located on the northwest coast of
Alcatraz Island. It was constructed in 1939 for $186,000 as part of a $1.1
million modernization scheme which also included the water tower, New
Industries Building, officers’ quarters and remodeling of the D-block. The
white powerhouse smokestack and lighthouse were said to give an "appearance of a ship's mast on either
side of the island". A sign reading "A Warning. Keep Off. Only Government permitted within 200
yards" lay in front of the powerhouse to deter people landing on the
island at the point.
Between 1939 and 1963, it supplied power to the Federal
Penitentiary and other buildings on the island. The powerhouse had a tower duty
station which was guarded with a "30-caliber
Winchester rifle with 50 rounds of ammunition, a 1911 semiautomatic pistol with
three seven-round magazines, three gas grenades, and a gas mask".
Alcatraz water tower
The water tower is located on the northwestern side of the
island, near Tower No. 3, beyond the Morgue and Recreation Yard. The water tank
is situated on six cross-braced steel legs submerged in concrete foundations.
As Alcatraz had no water supply of its own, it had to import
it from the mainland, brought by tug and barge. During the island's military
years, there were in-ground water tanks and water tanks were situated on the
roof of the citadel. The water tower was built in 1940–41 by the Federal Bureau
of Prisons, after the island received a government renovations grant to supply
the majority of the island's fresh water.
It is the tallest building on the island, at a height of 94
feet (29 m) with a volume of 250,000 US gallons (950 kL) gallons of fresh
water. It was used to store potable water for drinking, water for firefighting,
and water for the island's service laundry facility.
Model Industries
Building
The Model Industries Building is a three/four-story building
on the northwest corner of Alcatraz Island. This building was originally built
by the U.S. military and was used as a laundry building until the New
Industries Building was built as part of a redevelopment program on Alcatraz in
1939 when it was a federal penitentiary. As part of the Alcatraz jail, it held
workshops for inmates to work in.
On January 10, 1935, the building shifted to within 2.5 feet
from the edge of the cliff following a landslide caused by a severe storm. The
warden at the time, James A. Johnston, proposed extend the seawall next to it
and asked the bureau for $6500 to fund it. He would later claim to dislike the
building because it was irregularly shaped. A smaller, cheaper riprap was completed
by the end of 1935.
A guard tower and a catwalk from Hill Tower was added to the
roof of the Industries Building in June 1936 and the building was made secure
with bars from old cells to bar the windows and roof ventilators to prevent
inmates from escaping from the roof. It ceased use as a laundry in 1939 when it
was moved to the upper floor of the New Industries Building. Today the building
is heavily rusted after decades of exposure to the salt air and wind, and
neither the guard tower on top of the building nor the Hill Tower still exist.
New Industries
Building
The New Industries Building was constructed in 1939 for
$186,000 as part of a $1.1 million modernization scheme which also included the
water tower, power house, officers' quarters and remodeling of the D-block.
The ground floor of the two-story 306 ft long building
contained a clothing factory, dry cleaning plant, furniture plant, brush
factory, and an office, where prisoners of the federal penitentiary could work
for money. They earned a small wage for their labor which was put into an
account, known as a Prisoner's Trust Fund, which would be given to them upon
leaving Alcatraz. They made items such as gloves, furniture mats, and army
uniforms. The laundry room occupied the entire upper floor, the largest in San
Francisco at the time. Each window has 9 panes and there are 17 bays on each
floor on either side.
Notable inmates
Arthur R. Barker ("Doc")
#268 1935–39 Arthur Barker (June 4,
1899 – January 13, 1939) was the son of Ma Barker and a member of the
Barker-Karpis gang along with Alcatraz prisoner 325 Alvin Karpis. In 1935,
Barker was sent to Alcatraz Island on conspiracy to kidnap charges. On the
night of January 13, 1939, Barker with Henri Young and Rufus McCain attempted
escape from Alcatraz. Barker was shot and killed by the guards.
Alphonse "Al"
Gabriel Capone ("Scarface")
#85 1934–39 When Al Capone
(January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) arrived on Alcatraz in 1934, prison
officials made it clear that he would not be receiving any preferential
treatment. While serving his time in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, Capone, a
master manipulator, had continued running his rackets from behind bars by
buying off guards. Capone generated major media attention while on Alcatraz,
though he served just four and a half years of his sentence there before
developing symptoms of tertiary syphilis and poor mental health before being
transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution at Terminal Island in Los
Angeles in 1938. He tried his best to seek favors from Warden Johnston, but
failed, and was given work in the prison performing numerous menial jobs.
Capone was involved in many fights with fellow prisoners, including one with an
inmate who held a blade to his throat in the prison barbershop after Capone
attempted to cut the line. He was released from jail in November 1939 and lived
in Miami until his death in 1947 at 48 years of age.
Meyer Harris Cohen ("Mickey") #1518 1961–63 Mickey
Cohen (September 4, 1913 – July 29, 1976) worked for the Mafia's gambling
rackets; he was convicted of tax evasion and sentenced to 15 years in Alcatraz
Island. He was transferred to the United States Penitentiary in Atlanta shortly
before Alcatraz closed permanently on March 21, 1963. While at Atlanta, on
August 14, 1963, fellow inmate Burl Estes McDonald clobbered Cohen with a lead
pipe, partially paralyzing the mobster. After his release in 1972, Cohen led a
quiet life with old friends.
Ellsworth Raymond Johnson ("Bumpy") #1117
1954–63 "Bumpy" Johnson (October 31, 1905 – July 7, 1968),
referred to as the "Godfather of Harlem", was an African-American
gangster, numbers operator, racketeer, and bootlegger in Harlem in the early
20th century. He was sent to Alcatraz in 1954 and was imprisoned until 1963. He
was believed to have been involved in the 1962 escape attempt of Frank Morris,
John and Clarence Anglin.
Alvin Francis Karpavicz ("Creepy
Karpis") #325
1936–62 Alvin Karpis (August 10, 1907 –
August 26, 1979) was Canadian, of Lithuanian descent. He was nicknamed "Creepy" for his sinister
smile and called "Ray" by
his gang members. He was known for being one of the three leaders of the Ma
Barker-Karpis gang in the 1930s; the other two leaders were Fred and Doc Barker
of the Barker–Karpis Gang. He was the only "Public
Enemy #1" to be taken personally by J. Edgar Hoover. There were only
four "public enemies" ever
given the title of "Public Enemy
#1" by the FBI. The other three, John Dillinger, Pretty Boy Floyd, and
Baby Face Nelson, were all killed before being captured. He also spent the
longest time as a federal prisoner in Alcatraz Prison at 26 years. Karpis was
credited with ten murders and six kidnappings apart from bank robbery. He was
deported to Canada in 1969 and died in Spain in 1979.
George Kelly Barnes ("Machine
Gun Kelly") #117 1934–51 "Machine
Gun Kelly" (July 18, 1895 – July 18, 1954) arrived on September 4,
1934. At Alcatraz, Kelly was constantly boasting about several robberies and
murders that he had never committed. Although his boasts were said to be
tiresome to other prisoners, Warden Johnson considered him a model inmate.
Inmate #139, Harvey Bailey was his partner. Kelly was returned to Leavenworth
in 1951.
Rafael Cancel Miranda #1163
1954–60 In July 1954, Rafael Cancel
Miranda (July 18, 1930 – March 2, 2020) was sent to Alcatraz, where he served
six years of his sentence. At Alcatraz he was a model prisoner, where he worked
in the brush factory and served as an altar boy at Catholic services. His
closest friends were fellow Puerto Ricans Emerito Vasquez and Hiram
Crespo-Crespo. They spoke Spanish and watched out for each other. On the
recreation yard he often played chess with "Bumpy" Johnson. He also
befriended Morton Sobell; they developed a friendship that lasted up until
Sobell's death in 2018.
His family made trips to San Francisco to visit him, but he
wasn't allowed to see his children. His wife was allowed to talk to him through
a glass in the visiting room, using a phone. They were not allowed to speak in
Spanish and had to speak in English. He was transferred to Leavenworth in 1960.
Robert Franklin Stroud ("Birdman
of Alcatraz") #594 1942–59 Robert Stroud, who was better known to the
public as the Birdman of Alcatraz (January 28, 1890 – November 21, 1963), was
transferred to Alcatraz in 1942. At a young age he took to pimping and was
involved in a murder during a drunken brawl. After terms in McNeil Island and
Leavenworth Federal Prison, where he had killed Officer Andrew Turner, he was
transferred to Alcatraz, with his sentence extended.
A self-taught ornithologist, he wrote several books. His
Digest on the Diseases of Birds is considered a classic in ornithology. He was
confined to D-Block in solitary confinement for most of his duration in
Alcatraz and after a term in the prison hospital, was transferred to the
Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, due to seriously
deteriorating health. Although he was given the name "The Birdman of Alcatraz", he was not permitted to keep
birds in his prison cell at Alcatraz, as he had at Leavenworth, because it was
prohibited. He died in 1963.
Legends
Native Americans, known as Ohlone, were the earliest known
inhabitants of Alcatraz Island. In Miwok mythology, evil spirits were said to
inhabit the island. In popular culture, Alcatraz has been listed as among the
top five allegedly "haunted"
spots in California.
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