The Philadelphia Experiment was an alleged event claimed to have been witnessed by an ex-merchant mariner named Carl M. Allen at the United States Navy's Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, sometime around October 28, 1943. Allen described an experiment where the U.S. Navy attempted to make a destroyer escort, the USS Eldridge, disappear and the bizarre results that followed.
The story surfaced in late 1955 when Allen sent a book full
of hand-written annotations referring to the experiment to a U.S. Navy research
organization and, a little later, a series of letters making further claims to
a UFO book writer. Allen's account of the event is widely understood to be a
hoax. Several different—and sometimes contradictory—versions of the alleged
experiment have circulated over the years in paranormal literature and popular
movies. The U.S. Navy maintains that no such experiment was ever conducted,
that the details of the story contradict well-established facts about USS
Eldridge, and that the physics the experiment is claimed to be based on is
non-existent.
Origins of the story
The story of a "Philadelphia
Experiment" originated in late 1955 when Carl M. Allen sent an
anonymous package marked "Happy
Easter" containing a copy of Morris K. Jessup's book The Case for the
UFO: Unidentified Flying Objects to the U.S. Office of Naval Research. The book
was filled with handwritten notes in its margins, written with three different
shades of blue ink, appearing to detail a debate among three individuals, only
one of whom is given a name: "Jemi".
They commented on Jessup's ideas about the propulsion for flying saucers, discussed
alien races, and expressed concern that Jessup was too close to discovering
their technology.
The commenters referred to each other as "Gypsies", and discussed two
different types of "people" living in outer space. Their text
contained non-standard use of capitalization and punctuation and detailed a
lengthy discussion of the merits of various elements of Jessup's assumptions in
the book. There were oblique references to the Philadelphia Experiment (one commenter
reassures his fellow annotators who have highlighted a certain theory that
Jessup advanced).
Shortly after that (January 1956) Allen began sending a
series of letters to Jessup, using his given name and "Carlos Miguel Allende". The
first known letter warned Jessup not to investigate the levitation of
unidentified flying objects. Allen put forward a story of dangerous science
based on alleged unpublished theories by Albert Einstein. He further claimed a
scientist named Franklin Reno put these theories into practice at the
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in October 1943.
Allen claimed to have witnessed this experiment while
serving aboard the SS Andrew Furuseth. In Allen's account, a destroyer escort
was successfully made invisible, but the ship inexplicably teleported to
Norfolk, Virginia, for several minutes, and then reappeared in the Philadelphia
yard. The ship's crew was supposed to have suffered various side effects,
including insanity, intangibility, and being "frozen" in place. When Jessup wrote back requesting more
information to corroborate his story, Allen said his memory would have to be
recovered and referred Jessup to what seems to be a non-existent Philadelphia
newspaper article that Allen claimed covered the incident.
In 1957, Jessup was invited to the Office of Naval Research
where he was shown the annotated copy of his book. Jessup noticed the
handwriting of the annotations resembled the letters he received from Allen.
(Twelve years later, Allen would say that he authored all of the annotations in
order "to scare the hell out of
Jessup".)
Two officers at ONR, Captain Sidney Sherby and Commander
George W. Hoover, took a personal interest in the matter. Hoover later explained
that his duties as a Special Projects Officer required him to investigate many
publications and that he ultimately found nothing of substance to the alleged invisibility
experiment. Hoover discussed the annotations with Austin N. Stanton, president
of Varo Manufacturing Corporation of Garland, Texas, during meetings about
Varo's contract work for ONR.
Stanton became so interested that Varo's office began
producing mimeographed copies of Jessup's book with the annotations and Allen's
letters, first a dozen and eventually 127 copies. These copies came to be
known as the "Varo edition".
Besides noting the handwriting of the individual named "Jemi" (addressed as such by the others and using
blue-violet ink), the anonymous introduction to the Varo edition concludes that
there were two other individuals making annotations, "Mr. A" (identified as Allen by Jessup, in blue ink), "Mr. B" (in blue-green ink).
Jessup tried to publish more books on the subject of UFOs but was unsuccessful. He lost his publisher experienced a succession of
downturns in his personal life, and died by suicide in Florida on April 30,
1959.
The various book writers who tried to get more information
from Carl Allen found his responses elusive, or couldn't find him at all. One
reporter from Allen's hometown of New Kensington, Pennsylvania, interviewed
his family and was handed a pile of documents and books, all scribbled with
Allen's annotations. They described Allen as a "fantastic mind", but also a drifter and a "master leg-puller".
Repetitions
In 1965 Vincent Gaddis published a book of Forteana, titled
Invisible Horizons: True Mysteries of the Sea. In it, he recounted the story of
the experiment from the Varo annotations.
George E. Simpson and Neal R. Burger published a 1978 novel
titled Thin Air. In this book, set in the present day, a Naval Investigative
Service officer investigates several threads linking wartime invisibility
experiments to a conspiracy involving matter transmission technology.
Large-scale popularization of the story came about in 1979
when the author Charles Berlitz, who had written a best-selling book on the
Bermuda Triangle, and his co-author, ufologist William L. Moore, published The
Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility, which purported to be a factual
account. The book expanded on stories of bizarre happenings, lost unified field
theories by Albert Einstein, and government cover-ups, all based on the
Allende/Allen letters to Jessup.
Moore and Berlitz devoted one of the last chapters in The
Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility to "The Force Fields of Townsend Brown", namely the
experimenter and then-U.S. Navy technician Thomas Townsend Brown. Paul
LaViolette's 2008 book Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion also recounts some
mysterious involvement of Townsend Brown.
The story was adapted into a 1984 time travel film called
The Philadelphia Experiment, directed by Stewart Raffill. Though only loosely
based on the prior accounts of the "Experiment",
it served to dramatize the core elements of the original story. In 1989, Alfred
Bielek claimed to have been aboard the USS Eldridge during the Experiment.
Addressing the MUFON Conference in 1990, Bielek asserted that Raffill's film was
largely consistent with the events he claimed to have witnessed in 1943. Bielek
would later add details to his claims on radio talk shows, conferences, and the
Internet.
General synopsis
Note: Several different, and sometimes contradictory,
versions of the alleged experiment have circulated over the years. The
following synopsis recounts key story points common to most accounts.
The experiment was allegedly based on an aspect of some
unified field theory, a term coined by Albert Einstein to describe a class of
potential theories; such theories would aim to describe – mathematically and
physically – the interrelated nature of the forces of electromagnetism and
gravity, in other words, uniting their respective fields into a single field.
According to some accounts, unspecified "researchers" thought that some version of this field
would enable using large electrical generators to bend light around an object
via refraction so that the object became completely invisible. The Navy
regarded this as of military value and it sponsored the experiment.
Another unattributed version of the story proposes that
researchers were preparing magnetic and gravitational measurements of the
seafloor to detect anomalies, supposedly based on Einstein's attempts to
understand gravity. In this version, there were also related secret experiments
in Nazi Germany to find anti-gravity, allegedly led by SS-Obergruppenführer
Hans Kammler.
There are no reliable, attributable accounts, but in most
accounts of the supposed experiment, USS Eldridge was fitted with the required
equipment at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Testing began in the summer of
1943, and it was supposedly successful to a limited extent. One test resulted
in Eldridge being rendered nearly invisible with some witnesses reporting a "greenish fog" appearing in
its place. Crew members complained of severe nausea afterward.
Also, reportedly, when the ship reappeared, some sailors
were embedded in the metal structures of the ship, including one sailor who
ended up on a deck level below where he began and had his hand embedded in the
steel hull of the ship as well as some sailors who went "completely bananas". There is also a claim the
experiment was altered after that point at the request of the Navy, limiting it
to creating a stealth technology that would render USS Eldridge invisible to
radar. None of these allegations have been independently substantiated.
Other versions of the story give the date of the experiment
as October 28, 1943. In this version, Eldridge not only became invisible but
disappeared from the area and teleported to Norfolk, Virginia, over 200 miles
(320 km) away. It is claimed that Eldridge sat for some time given men
aboard the ship SS Andrew Furuseth, whereupon Eldridge vanished and then
reappeared in Philadelphia at the site it had originally occupied.
Many versions of the tale include descriptions of serious
side effects for the crew. Some crew members were said to have been physically
fused to bulkheads while others suffered from mental disorders, some
re-materialized inside out, and still others vanished. It is also claimed that
the ship's crew may have been subjected to brainwashing to maintain the secrecy
of the experiment.
Evidence and research
The historian Mike Dash notes that many authors who
publicized the "Philadelphia
Experiment" story after that of Jessup appeared to have conducted
little or no research of their own. Through the late 1970s, for example,
Allende/Allen was often described as mysterious and difficult to locate, but
Goerman determined Allende/Allen's identity after only a few telephone calls.
Others speculate that much of the key literature emphasizes
dramatic embellishment rather than pertinent research. Berlitz's and Moore's
account of the story (The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility)
claimed to include factual information, such as transcripts of an interview
with a scientist involved in the experiment, but their work has also been
criticized for plagiarizing key story elements from the novel Thin Air which
was published a year earlier.
Misunderstanding of
documented naval experiments
Personnel at the Fourth Naval District have suggested that
the alleged event was a misunderstanding of routine research during World War
II at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. One theory is that "the foundation for the apocryphal stories arose from degaussing
experiments which have the effect of making a ship undetectable or 'invisible'
to magnetic mines." Another possible origin of the stories about
levitation, teleportation, and effects on human crew might be attributed to
experiments with the generating plant of the destroyer USS Timmerman (DD-828),
wherein a higher-frequency generator produced corona discharges, although none
of the crew reported suffering effects from the experiment.
Observers have argued that it is inappropriate to grant
credence to an unusual story promoted by one individual in the absence of
corroborating evidence. Robert Goerman wrote in Fate magazine in 1980, that "Carlos Allende"/"Carl
Allen", who is said to have corresponded with Jessup, was Carl
Meredith Allen of New Kensington, Pennsylvania, who had an established history
of psychiatric illness and who may have fabricated the primary history of the
experiment as a result of his mental illness. Goerman later realized that Allen
was a family friend and "a creative
and imaginative loner ... sending bizarre writings and claims".
Timeline
inconsistencies
The USS Eldridge was not commissioned until August 27, 1943,
and it remained in port in New York City until September 1943. The October
experiment allegedly took place while the ship was on its first shakedown
cruise in the Bahamas, although proponents of the story claim that the ship's
logs might have been falsified or else still are classified. An alternative
explanation is that the USS Hammann (DE-131) was actually used rather than the
USS Eldridge as the USS Hammann arrived in the shipyard on October 20, 1943.
The Office of Naval Research (ONR) stated in September 1996,
"ONR has never conducted
investigations on radar invisibility, either in 1943 or at any other
time." Pointing out that the ONR was not established until 1946, it
denounces the accounts of "The
Philadelphia Experiment" as complete "science fiction".
A reunion of Navy veterans who had served aboard USS
Eldridge told a Philadelphia newspaper in April 1999 that their ship had never
made port in Philadelphia. Further evidence discounting the Philadelphia
Experiment timeline comes from USS Eldridge’s complete World War II action
report, including the remarks section of the 1943 deck log, available on
microfilm.
Alternative
explanations
Researcher Jacques Vallée describes a procedure on board the USS
Engstrom, which was docked alongside the Eldridge in 1943. The operation
involved the generation of a powerful electromagnetic field on board the ship
to deperm or degauss it, to render the ship
undetectable or "invisible"
to magnetically fused undersea mines and torpedoes. This system was invented by
a Canadian, Charles F. Goodeve, when he held the rank of commander in the Royal
Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve, and the Royal Navy and other navies used it
widely during World War II.
British ships of the era often included such degaussing
systems built into the upper decks (the conduits are still visible on the deck
of HMS Belfast in London, for example). Degaussing is still used today.
However, it has no effect on visible light or radar. Vallée speculates that
accounts of USS Engstrom's degaussing might have been garbled and confabulated
in subsequent retellings and that these accounts may have influenced the story
of "The Philadelphia Experiment".
Vallée cites a veteran who served on board USS Engstrom and
who suggests it might have traveled from Philadelphia to Norfolk and back again
in a single day at a time when merchant ships could not, by use of the
Chesapeake & Delaware Canal and the Chesapeake Bay, which at the time was open
only to naval vessels. Use of that channel was kept quiet: German submarines
had ravaged shipping along the East Coast during Operation Drumbeat, and thus
military ships unable to protect themselves were secretly moved via canals to
avoid the threat.
The same veteran claims to be the man that Allende witnessed
"disappearing" at a bar. He
claims that when a fight broke out, friendly barmaids whisked him out of the
bar before the police arrived because he was underage for drinking. They then
covered for him by claiming that he had disappeared.
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