Effects
The consequences of torture reach
far beyond immediate pain. Many victims suffer from post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), which includes symptoms such as flashbacks (or intrusive
thoughts), severe anxiety, insomnia, nightmares, depression and memory lapses.
Torture victims often feel guilt and shame, triggered by the humiliation they
have endured. Many feel that they have betrayed themselves or their friends and
family. All such symptoms are normal human responses to abnormal and inhuman
treatment.
Organizations like Freedom from
Torture and the Center for Victims of Torture try to help survivors of torture
obtain medical treatment and to gain forensic medical evident to obtain political
asylum in a safe country or to prosecute the perpetrators.
Torture is often difficult to prove,
particularly when some time has passed between the event and a medical
examination, or when the torturers are immune from prosecution. Many torturers
around the world use methods designed to have a maximum psychological impact
while leaving only minimal physical traces. Medical and Human Rights
Organizations worldwide have collaborated to produce the Istanbul Protocol, a
document designed to outline common torture methods, consequences of torture,
and medico-legal examination techniques. Typically deaths due to torture are
shown in an autopsy as being due to "natural causes" like heart
attack, inflammation, or embolism due to extreme stress.
For survivors, torture often leads
to lasting mental and physical health problems.
Physical problems can be
wide-ranging, e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, musculo-skeletal problems, brain
injury, post-traumatic epilepsy or dementia or chronic pain syndromes.
On 19 August 2007, the American Psychology Association (APA) voted to
bar participation, to intervene to stop, and to report involvement in a wide
variety of interrogation techniques as torture, including "using mock
executions, simulated drowning, sexual and religious humiliation, stress
positions or sleep deprivation", as well as "the exploitation of
prisoners' phobias, the use of mind-altering drugs, hooding, forced nakedness,
the use of dogs to frighten detainees, exposing prisoners to extreme heat and
cold, physical assault and threatening the use of such techniques against a
prisoner or a prisoner's family."
However, the APA rejected a stronger
resolution that sought to prohibit "all psychologist involvement, either
direct or indirect, in any interrogations at U.S. detention centers for foreign
detainees or citizens detained outside normal legal channels." That
resolution would have placed the APA alongside the American Medical Association
and the American Psychiatric Association in limiting professional involvement
in such settings to direct patient care. The APA echoed the Bush administration
by condemning isolation, sleep deprivation, and sensory deprivation or
over-stimulation only when they are likely to cause lasting harm.
Psychiatric treatment of
torture-related medical problems might require a wide range of expertise and
often specialized experience. Common treatments are psychotropic medications,
e.g. SSRI antidepressants, counseling, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, family
systems therapy and physiotherapy.
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